Method and System for Tunable Distribution of Content

ABSTRACT

A method and system for tunable distribution of content are disclosed. Preferably, the content comprises digital rights and/or watermark information. In one embodiment, a computer-implemented method comprises receiving a request from a client. One or more content files related to the request and a user profile of a user are determined. One or more seeders are assigned to start the delivery of the one or more content files. The client is allowed to obtain a plurality of pieces of the one or more content files from the one or more seeders. At least one piece of the plurality of pieces of the one or more content files contains digital rights and/or watermark information.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of and claims the benefit of priorityunder 35 U.S.C. §120 to U.S. application Ser. No. 13/477,234, filed May22, 2012, which is a continuation of and claims the benefit of priorityunder 35 U.S.C. §120 to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/551,717,filed on Sep. 1, 2009, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporatedby reference herein in their entireties.

FIELD OF INVENTION

The field of the invention relates generally to computer systems, andmore particularly, to a method and system for tunable distribution ofcontent.

BACKGROUND

Peer-to-peer file sharing is a data exchange infrastructure that allowsexchange of information among computers without a central networkstructure. Every machine connected to the peer-to-peer network containsa client and a server capability to request information from and serveinformation to other machines of similar configuration. Generally,peer-to-peer networks are organized loosely without any centralizedmanagement authority. This allows any client to attach to the networkand share files with other clients. It also allows any client to requesta shared file from other clients having similar characteristics.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The accompanying drawings, together with the detailed description serveto illustrate principles of the invention.

FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary tunable content distribution systemusing a multipoint mechanism, according to one embodiment;

FIG. 2 illustrates a flow chart of an exemplary content distributionprocess using a tunable content distribution system, according to oneembodiment;

FIG. 3 shows an exemplary file structure of a digital content file,according to one embodiment;

FIG. 4 illustrates an authenticated pair of dynamic and static sectorsof a content file, according to one embodiment;

FIG. 5 illustrates a flow chart of an exemplary user-specific contentdistribution process using a tunable content distribution system,according to one embodiment; and

FIG. 6 illustrates an exemplary computer system for use with the systemof some embodiments.

It should be noted that the figures are not necessarily drawn to scaleand that elements of similar structures or functions are generallyrepresented by like reference numerals for illustrative purposesthroughout the figures. It also should be noted that the figures areonly intended to facilitate the description of the various embodimentsdescribed herein. The figures do not describe every aspect of theteachings described herein and do not limit the scope of the claims.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Today's multimedia files are much bigger and have increased resolutionand features. Consequently, it is an important feature of a file sharingand/or distribution system to deliver pieces of a file to a client frommultiple points, sources, and/or peers and allow the client to assembleand reconstruct the file on his/her machine. A specific signature foreach delivered piece of the file is utilized as an identification. Forexample, the file name and size, creation date, last edit date, or othermeta data, is used to verity that the piece of the file delivered from aresource is indeed a part of the intended file. Despite the inherentadvantages of multipoint, multisource, and/or peer-to-peer file sharingsystems, content distribution by these systems may suffer because ofpoor content management. For instance, since most multipoint filesharing systems are based on a decentralized server-client model, acontent publisher or a content manager cannot precisely trace the numberof authorized accesses. In addition, users are concerned with the safetyof the file delivery since it is not centrally controlled and managed.For instance, when a tiny piece of a file delivered from an unknownsource is corrupt or infected with a computer virus, the whole filebecomes not only useless but also harmful to the user who unknowinglyobtained the corrupted file containing the computer virus.

The lack of a centralized management authority makes the optimization offile sharing and delivery over a network more difficult. When theserving party might be several hops away from the requesting party onthe network, the speed of the file delivery is dependent on the networktraffic. The serving party might be geographically far away, thus thenetwork bandwidth of the requesting party might be severelyunderutilized. In particular, when there are multiple resourcesavailable, it is important to identify which resource is capable ofproviding the fastest connection so as to maximize the network bandwidthof the requesting party.

A method and system for tunable distribution of content such as by usinga multipoint distribution mechanism is disclosed. Preferably, thecontent comprises digital rights management (DRM) and/or watermarkinformation. In one embodiment, a computer-implemented method comprisesreceiving a request from a client. One or more content files related tothe request and a user profile of a user are determined. One or moreseeders are assigned to start the delivery of the one or more contentfiles. The client is allowed to obtain a plurality of pieces of the oneor more content files from the one or more seeders. At least one pieceof the plurality of pieces of the one or more content files containsdigital rights and/or watermark information.

In the following description, for purposes of explanation, specificnomenclature is set forth to provide a thorough understanding of thevarious inventive concepts disclosed herein. However, it will beapparent to one skilled in the art that these specific details are notrequired in order to practice the various inventive concepts disclosedherein.

DEFINITIONS

Some terms are defined below in alphabetical order for easy reference.These terms are not rigidly restricted to these definitions. A term maybe further defined by its use in other sections of this description.

“Album” means a collection of tracks. An album is typically originallypublished by an established entity, such as a record label (e.g., arecording company such as Warner Brothers and Universal Music).

“Audio Fingerprint” (e.g., “fingerprint”, “acoustic fingerprint”,“digital fingerprint”) is a digital measure of certain acousticproperties that is deterministically generated from an audio signal thatcan be used to identify an audio sample and/or quickly locate similaritems in an audio database. An audio fingerprint typically operates as aunique identifier for a particular item, such as, for example, a CD, aDVD and/or a Blu-ray Disc. The term “identifier” is defined below. Anaudio fingerprint is an independent piece of data that is not affectedby metadata. Rovi™ Corporation has databases that store over 25 millionunique fingerprints for various audio samples. Practical uses of audiofingerprints include without limitation identifying songs, identifyingrecords, identifying melodies, identifying tunes, identifyingadvertisements, monitoring radio broadcasts, monitoring multipointand/or peer-to-peer networks, managing sound effects libraries andidentifying video files.

“Audio Fingerprinting” is the process of generating an audiofingerprint. U.S. Pat. No. 7,277,766 (the '766 patent), entitled “Methodand System for Analyzing Digital Audio Files”, which is hereinincorporated by reference, provides an example of an apparatus for audiofingerprinting an audio waveform. U.S. Pat. No. 7,451,078 (the '078patent), entitled “Methods and Apparatus for Identifying Media Objects”,which is herein incorporated by reference, provides an example of anapparatus for generating an audio fingerprint of an audio recording.

“Blu-ray”, also known as Blu-ray Disc, means a disc format jointlydeveloped by the Blu-ray Disc Association, and personal computer andmedia manufacturers including Apple, Dell, Hitachi, HP, JVC, LG,Mitsubishi, Panasonic, Pioneer, Philips, Samsung, Sharp, Sony, TDK andThomson. The format was developed to enable recording, rewriting andplayback of high-definition (HD) video, as well as storing large amountsof data. The format offers more than five times the storage capacity ofconventional DVDs and can hold 25 GB on a single-layer disc and 800 GBon a 20-layer disc. More layers and more storage capacity may befeasible as well. This extra capacity combined with the use of advancedaudio and/or video codecs offers consumers an unprecedented HDexperience. While current disc technologies, such as CD and DVD, rely ona red laser to read and write data, the Blu-ray format uses ablue-violet laser instead, hence the name Blu-ray. The benefit of usinga blue-violet laser (605 nm) is that it has a shorter wavelength than ared laser (650 nm). A shorter wavelength makes it possible to focus thelaser spot with greater precision. This added precision allows data tobe packed more tightly and stored in less space. Thus, it is possible tofit substantially more data on a Blu-ray Disc even though a Blu-ray Discmay have the substantially similar physical dimensions as a traditionalCD or DVD.

“Chapter” means an audio and/or video data block on a disc, such as aBlu-ray Disc, a CD or a DVD. A chapter stores at least a portion of anaudio and/or video recording.

“Compact Disc” (CD) means a disc used to store digital data. A CD wasoriginally developed for storing digital audio. Standard CDs have adiameter of 740 mm and can typically hold up to 80 minutes of audio.There is also the mini-CD, with diameters ranging from 60 to 80 mm.Mini-CDs are sometimes used for CD singles and typically store up to 24minutes of audio. CD technology has been adapted and expanded to includewithout limitation data storage CD-ROM, write-once audio and datastorage CD-R, rewritable media CD-RW, Super Audio CD (SACD), VideoCompact Discs (VCD), Super Video Compact Discs (SVCD), Photo CD, PictureCD, Compact Disc Interactive (CD-i), and Enhanced CD. The wavelengthused by standard CD lasers is 650 nm, and thus the light of a standardCD laser typically has a red color.

“Database” means a collection of data organized in such a way that acomputer program may quickly select desired pieces of the data. Adatabase is an electronic filing system. In some implementations, theterm “database” may be used as shorthand for “database managementsystem”.

“Device” means software, hardware or a combination thereof. A device maysometimes be referred to as an apparatus. Examples of a device includewithout limitation a software application such as Microsoft Word™, alaptop computer, a database, a server, a display, a computer mouse, anda hard disk. Each device is configured to carry out one or more steps ofthe method of storing an internal identifier in metadata.

“Digital Video Disc” (DVD) means a disc used to store digital data. ADVD was originally developed for storing digital video and digital audiodata. Most DVDs have the substantially similar physical dimensions ascompact discs (CDs), but DVDs store more than six times as much data.There is also the mini-DVD, with diameters ranging from 60 to 80 mm. DVDtechnology has been adapted and expanded to include DVD-ROM, DVD-R,DVD+R, DVD-RW, DVD+RW and DVD-RAM. The wavelength used by standard DVDlasers is 650 nm, and thus the light of a standard DVD laser typicallyhas a red color.

“Fuzzy search” (e.g., “fuzzy string search”, “approximate stringsearch”) means a search for text strings that approximately orsubstantially match a given text string pattern. Fuzzy searching mayalso be known as approximate or inexact matching. An exact match mayinadvertently occur while performing a fuzzy search.

“Signature” means an identifying means that uniquely identifies an item,such as, for example, a track, a song, an album, a CD, a DVD and/orBlu-ray Disc, among other items. Examples of a signature include withoutlimitation the following in a computer-readable format: an audiofingerprint, a portion of an audio fingerprint, a signature derived froman audio fingerprint, an audio signature, a video signature, a discsignature, a CD signature, a DVD signature, a Blu-ray Disc signature, amedia signature, a high definition media signature, a human fingerprint,a human footprint, an animal fingerprint, an animal footprint, ahandwritten signature, an eye print, a biometric signature, a retinalsignature, a retinal scan, a DNA signature, a DNA profile, a geneticsignature and/or a genetic profile, among other signatures. A signaturemay be any computer-readable string of characters that comports with anycoding standard in any language. Examples of a coding standard includewithout limitation alphabet, alphanumeric, decimal, hexadecimal, binary,American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII), Unicodeand/or Universal Character Set (UCS). Certain signatures may notinitially be computer-readable. For example, latent human fingerprintsmay be printed on a door knob in the physical world. A signature that isinitially not computer-readable may be converted into acomputer-readable signature by using any appropriate conversiontechnique. For example, a conversion technique for converting a latenthuman fingerprint into a computer-readable signature may include a ridgecharacteristics analysis.

“Link” means an association with an object or an element in memory. Alink is typically a pointer. A pointer is a variable that contains theaddress of a location in memory. The location is the starting point ofan allocated object, such as an object or value type, or the element ofan array. The memory may be located on a database or a database system.“Linking” means associating with (e.g., pointing to) an object inmemory.

“Metadata” generally means data that describes data. More particularly,metadata may be used to describe the contents of digital recordings.Such metadata may include, for example, a track name, a song name,artist information (e.g., name, birth date, discography), albuminformation (e.g., album title, review, track listing, sound samples),relational information (e.g., similar artists and albums, genre) and/orother types of supplemental information. Conventional optical discs(e.g., CDs, DVDs, Blu-ray Discs) do not typically contain metadata.Metadata may be associated with a digital recording (e.g., song, album,movie or video) after the digital recording has been ripped from anoptical disc, converted to another digital audio format and stored on ahard drive.

“Network” means a connection between any two or more computers, whichpermits the transmission of data. A network may be any combination ofnetworks, including without limitation the Internet, a local areanetwork, a wide area network, a wireless network and a cellular network.

“Occurrence” means a copy of a recording. An occurrence is preferably anexact copy of a recording. For example, different occurrences of a samepressing are typically exact copies. However, an occurrence is notnecessarily an exact copy of a recording, and may be a substantiallysimilar copy. A recording may be an inexact copy for a number ofreasons, including without limitation an imperfection in the copyingprocess, different pressings having different settings, different copieshaving different encodings, and other reasons. Accordingly, a recordingmay be the source of multiple occurrences that may be exact copies orsubstantially similar copies. Different occurrences may be located ondifferent devices, including without limitation different user devices,different MP3 players, different databases, different laptops, and soon. Each occurrence of a recording may be located on any appropriatestorage medium, including without limitation floppy disk, mini disk,optical disc, Blu-ray Disc, DVD, CD-ROM, micro-drive, magneto-opticaldisk, ROM, RAM, EPROM, EEPROM, DRAM, VRAM, flash memory, flash card,magnetic card, optical card, nano systems, molecular memory integratedcircuit, RAID, remote data storage/archive/warehousing, and/or any othertype of storage device. Occurrences may be compiled, such as in adatabase or in a listing.

“Pressing” (e.g., “disc pressing”) means producing a disc in a discpress from a master. The disc press preferably includes a laser beamhaving a bandwidth of about 650 nm for DVD or about 605 nm for Blu-rayDisc.

“Recording” means media data for playback. A recording is preferably acomputer readable digital recording and may be, for example, an audiotrack, a video track, a song, a chapter, a CD recording, a DVD recordingand/or a Blu-ray Disc recording, among other things.

“Server” means a software application that provides services to othercomputer programs (and their users), in the same or other computer. Aserver may also refer to the physical computer that has been set asideto run a specific server application. For example, when the softwareApache HTTP Server is used as the web server for a company's website,the computer running Apache is also called the web server. Serverapplications can be divided among server computers over an extremerange, depending upon the workload.

“Software” means a computer program that is written in a programminglanguage that may be used by one of ordinary skill in the art. Theprogramming language chosen should be compatible with the computer bywhich the software application is to be executed and, in particular,with the operating system of that computer. Examples of suitableprogramming languages include without limitation Object Pascal, C, C++and Java. Further, the functions of some embodiments, when described asa series of steps for a method, could be implemented as a series ofsoftware instructions for being operated by a processor, such that theembodiments could be implemented as software, hardware, or a combinationthereof. Computer readable media are discussed in more detail in aseparate section below.

“Song” means a musical composition. A song is typically recorded onto atrack by a record label (e.g., recording company). A song may have manydifferent versions, for example, a radio version and an extendedversion.

“System” means a device or multiple coupled devices. A device is definedabove.

“Track” means an audio/video data block. A track may be on a disc, suchas, for example, a Blu-ray Disc, a CD or a DVD.

“User” means a consumer, client, and/or client device in a marketplaceof products and/or services.

“User device” (e.g., “client”, “client device”, “user computer”) is ahardware system, a software operating system and/or one or more softwareapplication programs. A user device may refer to a single computer or toa network of interacting computers. A user device may be the client partof a client-server architecture. A user device typically relies on aserver to perform some operations. Examples of a user device includewithout limitation a CD player, a DVD player, a Blu-ray Disc player, apersonal media device, a portable media player, an iPod™, a Zoom Player,a laptop computer, a palmtop computer, a smart phone, a cell phone, amobile phone, an MP3 player, a digital audio recorder, a digital videorecorder, an IBM-type personal computer (PC) having an operating systemsuch as Microsoft Windows™, an Apple™ computer having an operatingsystem such as MAC-OS, hardware having a JAVA-OS operating system, and aSun Microsystems Workstation having a UNIX operating system.

“Web browser” means any software program which can display text,graphics, or both, from Web pages on Web sites. Examples of a Webbrowser include without limitation Mozilla Firefox™ and MicrosoftInternet Explorer™.

“Web page” means any documents written in mark-up language includingwithout limitation HTML (hypertext mark-up language) or VRML (virtualreality modeling language), dynamic HTML, XML (extended mark-uplanguage) or related computer languages thereof, as well as to anycollection of such documents reachable through one specific Internetaddress or at one specific Web site, or any document obtainable througha particular URL (Uniform Resource Locator).

“Web server” refers to a computer or other electronic device which iscapable of serving at least one Web page to a Web browser. An example ofa Web server is a Yahoo™ Web server.

“Web site” means at least one Web page, and more commonly a plurality ofWeb pages, virtually coupled to form a coherent group.

System Architecture

FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary tunable content distribution systemusing a multipoint mechanism, according to one embodiment. Distributedcontent (e.g., MP3 audio files, DVD movie files) preferably has digitalrights management (DRM) information or is watermarked to provide contentsecurity and traceability. Digital rights management refers to accesscontrol technologies used by hardware manufacturers, publishers, orcopyright holders to impose limitations on the usage of digital contentand devices. A tunable content distribution system 100 and clients 101a, 101 b and 101 c, are coupled by a network 150, such as, for example,the Internet. The clients 101 a, 101 b and 101 c, are also referred toas points, sources, and/or peers. The tunable content distributionsystem 100 also includes management server 110 and database 111 coupledthereto, a tracker 120 and multiple seeders 121. In one implementation,the tracker 120 and seeders 121 a, 121 b, . . . 121 n, are part of aBitTorrent system. BitTorrent is a peer-to-peer file sharingcommunication protocol popular for managed digital content distributionoffered by BitTorrent Inc. of San Francisco, Calif. BitTorrent is shownherein as an example only, thus the present invention need not berestricted thereto and other multipoint and/or multisource systems maybe used to practice the present subject matter such as the BD-Livesystem, for example.

The network 150 may use a variety of protocols and/or applicationsincluding HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP), File Transfer Protocol(FTP), Internet Relay Chat (IRC), etc., via a TCP/IP connection orUDP/IP packets (not shown in this view). Although the network 150 isdescribed herein as being the Internet, alternatively, the network 150may be a Wide Area Network (WAN), a Local Area Network (LAN), or anothersystem of interconnections enabling two or more computers or networkdevices to exchange information. Further, the network 150 may include awireless network, such that one or more of the client devices may bewireless devices.

According to one embodiment, the tunable content distribution system 100is used for distribution and delivery of multimedia files. Themultimedia files may be delivered on demand or by broadcasting,downloading and/or streaming. It is appreciated that other forms ofcontent delivery may be adopted without deviating from the scope of thepresent subject matter, and the applications of the content deliverymechanisms are not limited to the examples and embodiments disclosedherein. A client 101 a, upon the purchase of a multimedia file, presentsthe proof of purchase such as a license, for example, to a managementserver 110. The management server 110, according to one embodiment, iscoupled to an authorizing server or an E-commerce server (not shown) toverify the purchase of the multimedia file. Upon the verification of thepurchase and/or subsequent notification thereof, e.g., a validation of alicense, the client 101 a is allowed to start downloading or streamingthe multimedia file. The download or streaming process may be initiatedby the management server 110 that instructs the tracker 120 to locatethe multimedia file or the pieces of the multimedia file distributed tothe seeders 121. The management server 110 and the tracker 120 may beco-located in a single server.

According to one embodiment, the seeders 121 are strategicallydistributed over the network 150 to serve the clients 101 coupled to thenetwork 150 from many different locations. A certain multimedia file maybe co-located on a plurality of seeders 121. Depending on the client'slocation and bandwidth, an appropriate set of seeders 121 is assigned.For instance, the user's geographical location is tracked by the IPaddress of the user's computer such as, for example, the client 101 a,and the seeder 121 in the client's 101 a closest proximity is assigned.According to another embodiment, the seeders' 121 bandwidth is monitoredby the tracker 120, and depending on the size of the requested file andthe client's 101 a network bandwidth, an appropriate seeder 121 isassigned.

If the assigned seeder 121 is busy or becomes busy or unavailable, thenext available seeder 121 that has enough bandwidth to process therequest is assigned. Oftentimes, more than one seeder 121 is assigned toallow faster delivery. During the file delivery, client 101 a may staycoupled to the tracker 120 so that the management server 110 keepsmonitoring the connectivity and the availability of the seeders 121 andthe download or streaming progress. Each seeder 121 may communicateindividually with the tracker 120 and report its status to themanagement server 110. Mechanisms for assigning and monitoring theseeders 121 are available to facilitate the file transfer process.

According to one embodiment, the management server 110 adaptivelydistributes content depending on demand and popularity. The managementserver 110 or the tracker 120 may dynamically track the demand andpopularity of a specific file by counting the number of requests. Whenthe demand for a certain file becomes higher, more seeders 121 areassigned to host the file. On the other hand, when the demand is lower,the storage space of the scarcely-requested files on the seeder 121 isreplaced with more frequently-requested files. In one example, a popularmovie releases for the DVD format and/or for the Blu-ray Disc format,and many viewers obtain the movie using the tunable content distributionsystem 100. In the area the movie is popular, the seeders 121 servingthe area may host the movie until the demand is lower. The propermaintenance of the content files and the continuous adaptation to thedemand are similar to the inventory management of a warehouse.

According to one embodiment, content management of the tunable contentdistribution system 100 is performed by a content management module 112.The content management module 112 may determine when to upload, replace,change content at the seeders 121 by dynamically monitoring the demandlevel of the content being distributed. Alternatively, the contentmanagement module 112 may set up a pre-determined policy to control thecontent distribution based on a model. For example, when a new movie isreleased for the DVD and/or Blu-ray format, the location and the numberof the seeders 121 are determined based on the success at the boxoffice.

According to one embodiment, the tracker 120 operates as a networktraffic manager between the clients 101 and the seeders 121. When therequested file is co-located in the seeders 121 a, 121 b and 121 n, therequested file may be simultaneously obtained in pieces from them. Eachseeder 121 monitors the progress of the file delivery and reports theresult to the tracker 120. The tracker 120 determines the success or thefailure of the delivery by collaboratively compiling the results fromeach seeder 121 and reports the results to the management server 110.

According to one embodiment, while a client 101 a continues to downloador stream a file, a client 101 b sends a request to the managementserver 110 to download or stream the same file. The management server110 delegates the tracker 120 to assign a seeder 121 and redirect therequest to the assigned seeder 121 to allow the client 101 b to startdownloading or streaming. The client 101 b might be allowed to establisha simultaneous connection to a plurality of seeders 121.

When the client 101 b is geographically closer to the client 101 a, thetracker 120 may redirect the request of the client 101 b to the client101 a instead of assigning a seeder 121. This is particularlyadvantageous when the client 101 a has an uploading port available andis capable of providing a faster connection to the client 101 b than anyother seeder 121 available on the tunable content distribution system100. Typically, a client's uploading or up-streaming and downloading anddown-streaming packets are on separate ports, thus downloading ordown-streaming a file is minimally impacted by uploading or up-streaminganother file or the same file.

Similarly, a client 101 c sends a request for the same file to themanagement server 110. If the tracker 120 finds that a particular seeder121 is available and is capable of providing a faster connection thanother points on the network 150, including the clients 101 a and 101 b,then the client 101 c's request is assigned to the particular seeder 121instead of allowing a peer-to-peer connection. Other reasons such asunavailability of seeders, the user's preference, network bandwidth, andthe like, should be considered to determine to commence delivery of thefile from other points, sources, and/or peers.

According to one embodiment, the network 150 is a home network, and theclients 101 may be substituted with network devices distributed in ahome. For example, the client 101 a is a set-top box in a living room;the client 101 b is a network-capable refrigerator in the kitchen. Inthis example, the seeders 121 might be substituted with the networkdevices in the home, each of which advantageously serves as a contentdistribution server. In one example, the home owner plays a recentlydownloaded media such as an MP3 music file by using a network-capableBlu-ray player in the audio-room. The media is preferably downloaded toa home network server such as, for example, the management server 110,and available from an iPod player and from the refrigerator. The Blu-rayplayer downloads and/or streams the media file from various locationsincluding from the home network server, the iPod player, and/or therefrigerator, and advantageously plays the media file, which in thiscase comprises a song in the form of an audio media file.

According to one embodiment, content distributed by the tunable contentdistribution system 100 is in a “BD+” format. The “BD+” format is acomponent of the Blu-ray digital rights management system developed byCryptography Research Inc. of San Francisco, and by Rovi Corporation, ofSanta Clara, both of Calif.

According to one embodiment, content distributed by the tunable contentdistribution system 100 is a Blu-ray disc movie. Some Blu-ray discsand/or players provide access to one or more “BD-Live” features.“BD-Live” is a Blu-ray feature that enables a client to access contentvia an Internet-enabled device such as, for example, a Blu-ray player.BD-Live allows a client to download or stream a preview, updates, bonusfeatures for a Blu-ray movie, or other digital content.

The BD-Live feature provides flexibility and expandability to theexisting Blu-ray format. According to one embodiment, a user purchases aregular version of a Blu-ray movie on a disc. While playing the move,the user's BD-Live capable Blu-ray player may communicate with themanagement server 110. The management server 110 authenticates that theuser's Blu-ray player is authorized to access additional contentassociated with the movie. The authentication process may be performedautomatically by using rights information, digital rights managementinformation, and/or a watermark on the purchased Blu-ray movie.Alternatively, the user provides a valid proof of purchase to themanagement server 110. After being approved by the management server110, the user's Blu-ray player is authorized to start to download orstream content including, for instance, a director's cut, specialfeatures that are unavailable on the distributed disc, and/or otherspecial content and features. Further, when the user's Blu-ray playerplays the Blu-ray movie, different or updated content might be availablefor download or streaming, for example a trailer of a new movie.

FIG. 2 illustrates a flow chart of an exemplary content distributionprocess 200 using a tunable content distribution system, according toone embodiment. The process 200 begins when a client sends a request toa management server to obtain a file with a proof of purchase of thefile (at a step 202). If the management server authorizes the client'srequest (step 203), meta data for the requested file is searched in adatabase (step 204), and appropriate seeder(s) is/are assigned (step205). The tracker establishes communication with the assigned seeder(s)and the download or streaming is started (step 206). When a new sourcesuch as, for example, another client who can provide a piece of therequested file or another seeder that can provide faster download orstreaming, becomes available (step 207), the new source alsoparticipates in the download or streaming process (209). After theclient finishes downloading or streaming (step 208), the trackerconfirms the completion of the download or streaming and reports this tothe management server, and the process 200 concludes. If, at the step203, the request is not authorized, then the process 200 concludeswithout delivery of the requested file.

FIG. 3 shows an exemplary file structure of a digital content file,according to one embodiment. Preferably, the content file 300 comprisesdigital rights and/or management information. Each content file 300contains a plurality of dynamic sectors 310 and static sectors 311. Thecontent file 300 may be provided and distributed to clients 101 by atunable content distribution system 100 as described above in relationto FIG. 1. According to one embodiment, a dynamic sector 310 of thecontent file 300 is provided by a publisher server 130. In anotherembodiment, the publisher server 130 is one of the seeders 121.Alternatively, the publisher server 130 is a management server 110. Thepublisher server 130 effectively embeds DRM and/or rights information ora watermark into the content file 300 such that the management server110 and the tracking server 120 can trace and manage the distribution ofthe content file 300.

According to one embodiment, the publisher server 130 is responsible fortunable distribution of a content file 300. For example, the designatedseeders such as, for example the clients 101, are responsible for thedistribution of static sectors 311 of the content file 300, but thedynamic sectors 310 of the content file 300 are distributed by thepublisher server 130 or under the control of a publisher server. Thestatic sectors 311 alone may not be sufficient to reconstruct thecontent file 300.

Each dynamic sector 310 may contain unique identifiers (IDs) containingthe identity of the sector itself and the content file 300 to which itbelongs. Each dynamic sector 310 may also contain the URLs of thedesignated seeders 121 to verify that each dynamic sector 310 is avalidated piece of the content file 300. Each static sector 311 may alsocontain identifiers containing identifications of the sector itself andthe content file 300 to which it belongs. Static sectors 311 may bedelivered from a plurality of seeders 121 or from other clients 101. Thesource of the static sectors 311, therefore, may not always be verified.

According to one embodiment, a dynamic sector 310 is associated with astatic sector 311. A static sector 311 might have the size of the staticsector 311 and the corresponding dynamic sector 310 combined, but theportion of the dynamic sector 310 may be filled with meaningless digits,for example, zeros. When the corresponding dynamic sector 310 isdelivered, the checksum or the hash of the static sector 311 is checkedbefore substituting the dynamic sector 310 with valid data. Each staticand dynamic sector may be delivered concurrently or sequentially untilthe entire content file 300 is delivered.

According to one embodiment, the distributed content file 300 is brokeninto smaller sectors, such as, for example dynamic sector 310 and staticsector 311, to add identifiers and URLs in each sector. Alternatively,identifiers and URLs may not be added, but the exact locations and sizesof the dynamic and static sectors are predetermined. In this case, eachdynamic and static sector is treated as a separate file and obtained inseparate packets. After all the required pieces of dynamic and staticsectors are obtained, the dynamic and static sector pairs arereassembled to reconstruct content file 300. The reconstruction of thefile may be verified by using a hash algorithm. If the filereconstruction fails, the client reports the failure within a given timeframe so that the management server 110 determines whether the deliveryhas indeed failed or the report of the failure is a false positive.

According to one embodiment, a client program is used to reconstruct thecontent file. According to another embodiment, a client program toreconstruct the downloaded or streamed file is also delivered from themanagement server 110 or the publisher server 130. In anotherembodiment, a client program is concatenated to the original contentfile and delivered as a dynamic sector 310 of the content file 300.After all the dynamic and static sectors of the requested file aredelivered, the management server 110 knows that the client 101successfully obtained the requested file. The special client programmight send a report of the status of the delivery to the managementserver 110 as confirmation of the file delivery.

The sizes and the numbers of the dynamic sectors 310 might vary. As thefile size grows, it is prudent to insert more dynamic sectors 310interspersed by larger-sized static sectors.

According to one embodiment, the content file 300 is transmitted to theclient 101 in a decrypted form. For the delivery of sensitive files,encrypting and decrypting is highly recommended for added security. Thedecrypter might be attached to the content file so that it is deliveredas a special dynamic sector. After the delivery of the content file iscompleted, the client 101 decrypts the content file 300 by using thedecrypter contained in the file.

According to one embodiment, the content file 300 is a multimedia file.The content file 300 may be delivered as encoded in various formats suchas MPEG, MPEG4, Microsoft Windows media video (WMV), RealPlayer, and thelike. Strategic insertion of dynamic sectors 310 advantageouslydiscourages unauthorized clients from obtaining the file. According toone embodiment, the proportions and location of dynamic and staticsectors may be tunable for optimized security and traceability. Forexample, a content file may contain 20 dynamic sectors and 80 staticsectors, or 1 dynamic sector and 99 static sectors. When the numbers ofdynamic sectors and static sectors mismatch, the excessive dynamic orstatic sectors may still be treated as a dynamic/static sector pairhaving a corresponding static or dynamic sector of size zero. Typically,the more and/or the bigger the dynamic sectors are, the slower thedownload or streaming speed is since the bandwidth of the designatedseeder 121 might be limited or slow. Depending on the needs and therequirements of the publisher, the proportions of dynamic and staticsectors and the delivery thereof over the network may be tuned foroptimal results.

As explained earlier, pairs of dynamic and static sectors may bedelivered in separate packets, typically from different sources. After acertain amount and sectors of the requested file are delivered, the filestarts playing on the user's device while the rest of the file iscontinuously being delivered. Hence, some embodiments are configured tostream the distributed content.

The streaming of multimedia files is generally uninterrupted unless theconnection between the server and the client is lost. However, streamingusing the tunable content distribution system 100 may be interrupted ifan unauthorized streaming is detected.

According to one embodiment, each static and dynamic sector has anidentifier to identify its relative location within the content file300. The portion of the content file 300 corresponding to anunauthenticated dynamic sector 310 a may be originally filled withmeaningless digits, in this case zeros. Advantageously, theunauthenticated dynamic sector 310 a may be filled later with data foran authenticated dynamic sector 310 a-prime (310 a′), as shown in FIG.4. For instance, the data for the authenticated dynamic sector 310 a′may be delivered in a separate packet. The genuineness of static sector311 at this point may not be identifiable. Accordingly, the dynamicsector 310 a may be used to inspect the genuineness of the correspondingstatic sector 311 in several ways: The identifier of the static sector311 is compared with the identifier of the dynamic sector 310 a; or thechecksum of the static sector 311 is checked; or the hash of the staticsector 311 is checked against the predetermined hash available on thedynamic sector 310 a.

FIG. 4 illustrates an authenticated pair of dynamic and static sectorsof a content file, according to one embodiment. When the authenticationof the static sector 311 and the corresponding dynamic sector 310 a isverified, the dynamic sector 310 a is substituted with the authenticateddynamic sector 310 a′ that is separately delivered. If an authenticationerror is detected, unauthenticated dynamic sector 310 a may remainunsubstituted and the pair is incomplete, thereby nullifying thedelivery of the pair. The process continues until the entire contentfile 300 is verified in pairs to finish the file delivery.

According to one embodiment, the client 101 may be a personal computer(PC), a smart phone, a Blackberry™ of Research in Motion, an iPhone ofApple Computer, a digital set-top box, a digital video recorder, or anyother media playback, consumption, and/or storage device includingnetwork-capable consumer electronic devices.

Preferably, the dynamic sectors 310 of a content file 300 have digitalrights management (DRM) information and/or a watermark. It is alsopossible to add watermarks to dynamic sectors 310 that are unique for aclient, so that the unauthorized copy can be traced or intercepted bythe management server 110 when a request for a watermarked dynamicsector from an unauthorized client is made.

FIG. 5 illustrates a flow chart of an exemplary user-specific contentdistribution process 500 for a tunable content distribution system,according to one embodiment. The process 500 begins when a user's clientcommunicates with a management server via a network (at a step 502). Theuser's client may automatically establish communication with themanagement server. The management server may identify the user's clientby using various identification methods. For example, the IP address,serial number or a Media Access Control (MAC) address of the user'sclient may be used. In another example, the cookie information in theuser's client may be used. In a further example, the user's request foraccess may be used to identify the user's identity. For instance, whenthe user starts to play DVD and/or Blu-ray disc type content such as amovie, the license associated with the content and/or movie may betransmitted to the management server to identify the user.

When the management server identifies the user, the user's profile issearched in a database (at a step 503). If the user's profile isavailable, the management server searches the user's profile (step 504),updates the user's profile (step 505), and provides user-specificcontent for the user (step 506). If the user's profile is unavailable,at the step 503, a new user's profile is generated (at a step 511) andupdated (at the step 505). The user's profile may be initially providedby the user and updated as the user communicates with the managementserver. By monitoring the user's activity in the tunable contentdistribution system, the management server analyzes the user'sinterests, tendencies, preferences, favorite topics, etc., and updatesthe user's profile accordingly (step 505). For example, when a userrequests to obtain content such as a movie, the user is provided with atrailer of other movies under the same category (step 506).

FIG. 6 illustrates an exemplary computer system 600 for use with thesystem of some embodiments. The computer system 600 may be, for example,a user device, a user computer, a client computer and/or a servercomputer, among other things. Examples of a user device include withoutlimitation a Blu-ray Disc player, a personal media device, a portablemedia player, an iPod™, a Zoom player, a laptop computer, a palmtopcomputer, a netbook computer, a smart phone, a cell phone, a mobilephone, an MP3 payer, a digital audio recorder, a digital video recorder,a CD player, a DVD player, an IBM-type personal computer having anoperating system such as Microsoft Windows™, an Apple™ computer havingan operating system such as MAC-OS, hardware having a JAVA-OS operatingsystem, and a Sun Micro systems Workstation having a UNIX operatingsystem.

The computer system 600 may be used to implement a tunable contentdistribution system 100 with all or a part of the components shown inFIG. 1. One embodiment of the computer system 600 comprises a system bus620 for communicating information, and a processor 610 coupled to thebus 620 for processing information.

The processor 610 may include without limitation a singlemicroprocessor, or may include a plurality of microprocessors forconfiguring the computer system 600 as a multi-processor system. Thecomputer system 600 further comprises a random access memory (RAM) orother dynamic storage device 625 (referred to herein as main memory),coupled to the bus 620 for storing information and instructions to beexecuted by the processor 610. The main memory 625 also may be used forstoring temporary variables or other intermediate information duringexecution of instructions by the processor 610. If the computer system600 for storing an internal identifier in metadata is partiallyimplemented in software, the main memory 625 stores the executable codewhen in operation. The main memory 625 may include banks of dynamicrandom access memory (DRAM), as well as cache memory.

The computer system 600 also may include a read only memory (ROM) and/orother static storage device 626 coupled to the bus 620. The storagedevice 626 is preferably a nonvolatile storage device for storinginformation and/or instructions for use by the processor 610. Thestorage device 626, which may be implemented, for example, with amagnetic disk drive or an optical disk drive. In a software embodiment,the storage device 626 is preferably configured for loading contents ofthe storage device 626 into the main memory 625.

The storage device 626 may be a portable storage medium device operatingin conjunction with a nonvolatile portable storage medium, such as, forexample, a compact disc read only memory (CD-ROM), to input and outputdata and code to and from the computer system 600. In some embodiments,the software for storing an internal identifier in metadata may bestored on a portable storage medium, and may be inputted into thecomputer system 600 via the storage device 626.

A data storage device 627 such as a flash memory, a magnetic disk oroptical disc and its corresponding drive may also be coupled to thecomputer system 600 for storing information and instructions. Thecomputer system 600 can also be coupled to a second I/O bus 650 via anI/O interface 630. A plurality of I/O devices may be coupled to the I/Obus 650, including a display device 643, an input device (e.g., analphanumeric input device 642 and/or a cursor control device 641), and aperipheral device 644. However, the computer system 600 is not solimited to be coupled to the I/O bus 650, and devices of the computersystem 600 may be coupled through one or more data transport means. Forexample, the processor 610 and/or the main memory 625 may be coupled viaa local microprocessor bus. The storage 627, the communication device640, the storage device 626, the cursor control device 641, and/or thedisplay 643 may be coupled via one or more input/output I/O buses.

The peripheral device 644 may include any type of computer supportdevice, such as, for example, an input/output I/O interface configuredto add additional functionality to the computer system 600.

In order to display textual and graphical information, the computersystem 600 includes the display device 643. The display device 643 mayinclude a cathode ray tube (CRT) display, a plasma display, and/or aliquid crystal display (LCD). The display device 643 may include agraphical processor that receives textual and graphical information, andprocesses the information for output to the display device 643.

The input device 642 and/or the cursor control device 641 provide aportion of the user interface of a user of the computer system 600. Theinput device 642 may include a keypad. The keypad may be configured forinputting alphanumeric and/or other key information. The cursor controldevice 641 may include, for example, a mouse, a trackball, a stylus,and/or cursor direction keys.

The communication device 640 allows for access to other computers(servers or clients) via a network. The communication device 640 maycomprise a modem, a network interface card, a wireless network interfaceor other well known interface device, such as those used for coupling toEthernet, token ring, or other types of networks.

Each component of the computer system 600 may represent a broad categoryof a computer component of a general/special purpose computer.Components of the computer system 600 are not limited to the specificimplementations provided herein.

Portions of the detailed descriptions may be conveniently implemented byusing a conventional general purpose computer, a specialized digitalcomputer and/or a microprocessor programmed according to the teachingsof the present disclosure, as will be apparent to those skilled in thecomputer art. Appropriate software coding may readily be prepared byskilled programmers based on the teachings of the present disclosure.Some embodiments may also be implemented by the preparation ofapplication-specific integrated circuits or by interconnecting anappropriate network of conventional component circuits.

Some portions of the detailed descriptions are presented in terms ofalgorithms and symbolic representations of operations on data bitswithin a computer memory. These algorithmic descriptions andrepresentations are the means used by those skilled in the dataprocessing arts to most effectively convey the substance of their workto others skilled in the art. An algorithm is here, and generally,conceived to be a self-consistent sequence of steps leading to a desiredresult. The steps are those requiring physical manipulations of physicalquantities. Usually, though not necessarily, these quantities take theform of electrical or magnetic signals capable of being stored,transferred, combined, compared, and otherwise manipulated. It hasproven convenient at times, principally for reasons of common usage, torefer to these signals as bits, values, elements, symbols, characters,terms, numbers, or the like.

It should be borne in mind, however, that all of these and similar termsare to be associated with the appropriate physical quantities and aremerely convenient labels applied to these quantities. Unlessspecifically stated otherwise as apparent from the following discussion,it is appreciated that throughout the description, discussions utilizingterms such as “processing” or “computing” or “calculating” or“determining” or “displaying” or the like, refer to the action andprocesses of a computer system, or similar electronic computing device,that manipulates and transforms data represented as physical(electronic) quantities within the computer system's registers andmemories into other data similarly represented as physical quantitieswithin the computer system memories or registers or other suchinformation storage, transmission or display devices.

Some embodiments of the invention also relate to apparatus forperforming the operations herein. This apparatus may be speciallyconstructed for the required purposes, or it may comprise ageneral-purpose computer selectively activated or reconfigured by acomputer program stored in the computer. Such a computer program may bestored in a non-transitory computer readable storage medium, such as,but is not limited to, any type of disk including floppy disks, minidisks, optical disks, Blu-ray disks, DVDs, CD-ROMs, micro-drive,magneto-optical disks, read-only memories (ROMs), random access memories(RAMs), EPROMs, EEPROMs, DRAMs, VRAMs, flash memories, flash cards,magnetic cards, optical cards, nanosystems, molecular memory integratedcircuits, redundant array of inexpensive disks (RAIDs), remote datastorage/archive/warehousing, and/or any type of nontransitory mediasuitable for storing electronic instructions, and each coupled to acomputer system bus.

Stored on any one of the computer readable medium/media, someimplementations include software for controlling both the hardware ofthe general/special computer or microprocessor, and for enabling thecomputer or microprocessor to interact with a human user or othermechanism utilizing the results of the invention. Such software mayinclude without limitation device drivers, operating systems, and userapplications. Ultimately, such computer readable media further includesoftware for performing aspects of the invention, as described above.Included in the programming/software of the general/special purposecomputer or microprocessor are software modules for implementing theprocesses described above.

The algorithms and displays presented herein are not inherently relatedto any particular computer or other apparatus. Various general-purposesystems may be used with programs in accordance with the teachingsherein, or it may prove convenient to construct more specializedapparatus to perform the required method steps. The required structurefor a variety of these systems will appear from the description below.In addition, the present invention is not described with reference toany particular programming language. It will be appreciated that avariety of programming languages may be used to implement the teachingsof the invention as described herein.

A method and system for tunable distribution of content such as by usinga multipoint distribution mechanism has been described. It is understoodthat the embodiments described herein are for the purpose of elucidationand should not be considered limiting the subject matter of thedisclosure. Various modifications, uses, substitutions, combinations,improvements, methods of productions without departing from the scope orspirit of the present invention would be evident to a person skilled inthe art.

What is claimed is:
 1. A computer-implemented method, comprising:receiving a request from a client; determining one or more content filesrelated to the request and a user profile of a user operating theclient; assigning one or more seeders to start the delivery of the oneor more content files; and delivering a plurality of pieces of the oneor more content files to the client from the one or more seeders,wherein at least one piece of the plurality of pieces of the one or morecontent files contains digital rights information.
 2. Thecomputer-implemented method of claim 1 further comprising: saving theuser profile; and determining whether the user has authorization for theplurality of pieces of the one or more content files by using the userprofile.
 3. The computer-implemented method of claim 2, furthercomprising: analyzing one or more of the user's interests, tendencies,preferences, favorite topics from the request; and updating the userprofile.
 4. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein theplurality of pieces of the one or more content files comprises aplurality of dynamic sectors and a plurality of static sectors andwherein each dynamic sector of the plurality of dynamic sectorscorresponds to a static sector of the plurality of static sectors. 5.The computer-implemented method of claim 4, wherein each seedercomprises a content file that contains at least one of: a dynamic sectorof the plurality of the dynamic sectors and a static sector of theplurality of static sectors.
 6. The computer-implemented method of claim4 further comprising reconstructing the one or more content files byusing the plurality of dynamic sectors and the plurality of staticsectors.
 7. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the oneor more content files are multimedia files.
 8. The computer-implementedmethod of claim 1, wherein the one or more seeders include a peer. 9.The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the request isauthorized by using a proof of purchase of the one or more contentfiles, wherein the authorization is by a management server.
 10. Thecomputer-implemented method of claim 9, wherein the management serverexclusively distributes the at least one piece of the plurality ofpieces of the one or more content files.
 11. The computer-implementedmethod of claim 4, wherein each dynamic sector of the plurality ofdynamic sectors is filled with zero bits when delivered from anunauthorized seeder.
 12. The computer-implemented method of claim 11,wherein the dynamic sector filled with zero bits is substituted with thecorresponding authorized dynamic sector, and wherein the authorizeddynamic sector is delivered from an authorized seeder.
 13. Thecomputer-implemented method of claim 4, wherein each of the plurality ofdynamic sectors is encoded.
 14. The computer-implemented method of claim13, further comprising decoding the plurality of dynamic sectors toreconstruct the one or more content files.
 15. The computer-implementedmethod of claim 13, wherein the one or more content files contain acodec to decode the plurality of dynamic sectors.
 16. Thecomputer-implemented method of claim 1, further comprising tracing thedelivery of the plurality of pieces of the one or more content files byusing a tracking server.
 17. The computer-implemented method of claim 16further comprising reporting the status of the delivery of at least onepiece of the plurality of pieces of the one or more content files whenthe delivery is commenced.
 18. The computer-implemented method of claim4, wherein the plurality of dynamic sectors are distributed exclusivelyby a publisher server.
 19. The computer-implemented method of claim 18,wherein the publisher server determines the size of each dynamic sectorof the plurality of dynamic sectors and the size of each static sectorof the plurality of static sectors prior to distributing the one or morecontent files.
 20. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, furthercomprising dynamically assigning a new seeder or a peer during thedelivery of the one or more content files.